Carnaval de Tambobamba

Carnaval de Tambobamba

miércoles, 29 de junio de 2011

José Olaya "Pescador de luz" canta Diego Mariscal

José Olaya

Bueno antes de proseguir con los presidentes peruanos quiero recordar la memoria de Jose Olaya el chorrilano y pescador que se convirtió en héroe nacional al apoyar la causa de la independencia del Perú
Hoy 188 años de inmolación, tras ser fusilado en el pasaje de la Plaza de Armas de Lima, que ahora tiene su nombre.
Cada 29 de junio los peruanos recordamos con admiración el sacrificio del patriota chorrillano José Olaya. Este humilde pescador sirvió como correo de los independentistas, hasta que fue descubierto y fusilado en junio de 1823. Murió sin delatar a los patriotas involucrados en la causa emancipadora.


En la actualidad el recuerdo de tan valeroso sacrificio es recordado por muchos peruano y sobre todo los pescadores cada 29 de junio .

José Silverio Olaya Balandra,(*Chorrillos, 1782 - † Lima, 29 de junio de 1823), fue un mártir en lalucha de la independencia peruana.

[EDITAR]BIOGRAFÍA

José Olaya nació en Chorrillos en el año de 1782.

Monumento a José Olaya en Lima.

En la lucha por la independencia de Perú, el prócer participó como emisario secreto llevando mensajes entre el gobierno (Callao) y los patriotas (Lima) a nado. Fue descubierto, apresado y sometido a tormento y condenado a muerte; a pesar de las torturas, nunca reveló su misión y prefirió tragarse las cartas encomendadas para la misión.

La independencia del Perú, declarada por primera vez enHuaurael mes de noviembre 1820 y el 28 de julio 1821 enLima, solamente se había hecho efectiva en Lima y en el norte; peroCusco, la sierra central y el sur aún estaban bajo el dominio del ejército realista. Cuando José de San Martínreconoce el poco apoyo que le dan las fuerzas políticas y militares, renuncia ante elCongreso Constituyente de 1822. El congreso nombra comopresidente de la República a José de la Riva Agüero y Sánchez Boquete y presidente del Congreso era, Francisco Javier de Luna Pizarro. El ejército realista, aprovechando que las tropas patriotas se encontraban lejos, toma Lima, obligando a los miembros del Congreso a refugiarse en la Fortaleza del Real Felipe en elCallao.

Es en este escenario, donde José Olaya, pescador de oficio, no dudó en servir de nexo entre las naves de la Escuadra Libertadora y los soldados de las fuerzas patriotas ubicadas en Lima, aunque eso significara recorrer campos y cruzar elmarnadando.

Apresado por el ejército realista, lo torturaron con el fin de obtener información sobre las fuerzas patriotas. José Olaya Balandra no se amilanó ante el dolor. Sufrió los 200 palazos y los 200 latigazos que le aplicaron, no cediendo aún cuando le arrancaron las uñas.

Finalmente, en la mañana del 29 de junio de 1823 pronunció la frase "Si mil vidas tuviera gustoso las daría por mi patria" y luego fue fusilado en el pasaje de la Plaza de Armas de Lima que ahora tiene su nombre: Pasaje Olaya.

[EDITAR]VÉASE TAMBIÉN

José Olaya "Pescador de luz" Tania Libertad

José Olaya - Leonidas Zegarra - Peru Insolito

José Olaya

José Silverio Olaya Balandra (1789 – June 29, 1823) was a Peruvian cultural figure and figther for the independence. He is remembered for the enunciation of his clear political position towards independence with his declaration "If I have a thousands lives, I would give them very glad before reject my country..."[cite this quote]

[edit]Biography

Olaya was born in Chorrillos (in Lima) Peru in 1789. He was a fisherman and a keen swimmer.

In the fight for the independence of Peru, Olaya participated as a secret emissary, taking messages between the government (Callao) and the patriotic ones (Lima). Because he was well know for his ability to swimm long distances; he was recruited by the He was caught,torture and sentenced to death; in spite of the tortures, he never revealed his mission and was executed on June 29, 1823. He was 34 years old.

References




COLONEL CARREÑO MARCELINO

The constant action, main, heroic, selfless and decisive cooperated with our fighters to the success of our campaign of liberation, remains unknown today, hidden in Honduras from indifference and oblivion. Guerrillas organized by San Martin since his arrival in Peru, following the example of which Sucre and Bolivar wanted to be the 1824. Organized in part, made the war of espionage, the surprise assault and battle with tenacity and audacity were tireless centaur on the slopes, canyons, rugged and slopes of the mountains.
From 1821 and during the campaign to liberate harassed the enemy on all sides, in their marches and camps, demoralizing the troops, causing the drop in their ranks, assaulting his cavalry and mules, breaking its military power. Espionage supplied the Liberation Army at all times accurate knowledge of the positions, movements and effects of the royalist troops occupying the territory, the guerrillas were preparing the battle, reducing the enemy to their lowest offensive efficiency.Bolivar decided that some items of montoneros and guerrillas, led by fearless leaders were marched in the footsteps of realistic mission harass.
Thus, operating in Apurimac in 1823, the guerrilla Manuel Bustamante, commander of the "Lancers Lick" and the Sergeant Major J. Irasusta, commander of the guerrilla Curahuasi. In 1824 Colonel Marcelino Guerrilla Curahuasi Carreño was in and controlled the area between Abancay and the Apurimac River. Practically these guerrillas became the parents of our homeland - Curahuasi.
This montonero whose mother tongue was Quechua, who was in Curahuasi in 1824, according to research by Mariano Felipe Paz Soldan, as well as Francisco Javier Mariátegui, based on testimony from those who witnessed the incident and gave written account of what they knew, knew or saw, at once, also based on memories, stories and writings of both the travelers who were in Peru and Peruvians who participated in the events, or military reports of the heads of the Peruvian Army and the Colonial Army at his King, as well as parts of Battle and correspondence whose testimonies have to sign that Colonel Marcelino Carreño participated since the arrival of San Martin (1820), by whom he was appointed.
Conducted its activities together that courageous Peruvian various posts starting Caravelí Arequipa, Chincha Ica, Lima, Cañete Lucanas Parinacochas Huamanga, Marcon, Huanuco, Andahuaylas, Oyón, Huaylas, Huancayo and many other places that covered much ease for his mastery of Quechua.Carreño before the Battle of Ayacucho (November 1823) while in Huanuco, was the first to break relations with José de la Riva Agüero, knowing that it was understood the enemy, which reported to Bolivar as follows: "the Regiment under my command, the officers and I have the loyalty of being under the orders of Your Excellency. "
General Garcia Camba, in his memoirs, Carreno says about that: "Carreño montoneros covered all the country between Abancay and Apurimac." The fantastic guerrilla Marcelino Carreño, membership had resolved all populations (as Curahuasi), in his writing and organization. During the Battle of Ayacucho (December 9, 1924), General Sucre La Mar asked permission to release their reserves consist of about 700-900 montoneros horse, commanded by Colonel Marcelino Carreño guerrillas.
Sucre immediately agreed, the Peruvian guerrilla bands were formed in battle array on the existing slopes to the left of the Peruvian division and loaded with tremendous vigor, the shock was of singular violence, but the division of the realists led by Valdes stopped. Arrested Valdes, General La Mar was able to organize their battalions and throw the fight, which became close, making it impossible to continue its operation colonial overflow and attack from behind. The montoneras Carreño broke the first part of the brilliant battle plan for the royalists in payment thereof montoneros many died, among whom was Carreño. This heroic action of stopping Carreño Valdes allowed the Peruvian victory on the plains of Ayacucho.
Field Marshal Jerónimo Valdés realistic in its report to King Ferdinand VII, on the events that led to the defeat of the colonial forces Sucre states that failed to mention Colonel Marcelino Carreño as the greatest hero of the Battle of the fieldsAyacucho.
This omission has resulted in the greatest historical injustice that outweighs the individual's own hero was Carreño that this great character is one of the most important representatives of the great montoneros both fought for our independence, and that in short, were the ones who stopped himself Valdes Carreño died in this endeavor, and Valdes had to have seen it fall and accuses Sucre have eliminated the formidable hero of the Battle Part of that preparation. Another omission of Sucre was also associated with General Gamarra. Sucre in Part marginalized Peruvian fighters pointing to foreigners.
In our country had more than one hundred heads montoneros, commanding more than a thousand regular soldiers, who were those who gave us freedom. Therefore, all these heroes we honor and perpetuate independence as they deserve for their sacrifice and legarnos a free country.
Source:http://www.tourenperu.com/personajesilustresdeapurimac.ph

COLONEL CARREÑO MARCELINO SANTIAGO, FREEDOM OF CHILE AND PERU, FORGOTTEN HERO CAMPAIGN AYACUCHO

By: Luis Guzmán Palomino


The history of the separatist war in which Peru was born as an independent state in Spain, it has still many pages to be written,



especially regarding the participation of the Peruvian people fighting in those years from 1820 to 1824, organized guerillas in several regions and covered in most places of the United Army of Liberation. For unexplained reasons, did not agree to date a few exceptions, the analysis of that period from the Peruvian point of view, the excessive glorification of pampering allies at the expense of ours, whose performance in any case was less important. Prejudice and ignorance have marginalized Peruvians protagonists of the war, including senior managers who were linked to the guerrillas Indian and mestizo. We believe that this involves not only failure, but even injustice for which compensation can not be delayed any longer.

Perhaps the most serious omission is the one that has buried in oblivion the distinguished Colonel Marcelino Santiago Carreño Cuzco, whose name almost no one remembers even though it was the highest-ranking Peruvian officer who died in the campaign of Ayacucho. Of the patriot leaders only Briton William Miller cited among the heroes; silenced everyone else, forgetting who was the liberator of Chile, winner of several guerrilla actions, an organizer of a squadron of cavalry regiment would be based "Hussars Junin "and Head of the" Vanguardia guerrillas "in the ultimate battle of Ayacucho. No memorial reminds Carreño, hardly some historians, notably Juan Jose Vega, have vindicated his memory dictionaries nor Peruvian named characters and has to date had the honor of his brilliant career demands.

On December 8, 1824, on the eve of fighting the battle of Ayacucho, where exactly down with his guerrillas to participate in it, Carreno was ambushed near the Condorcunca, fighting his last battle there and slain heroically. These modest notes on salient features of his biography, written as an acknowledgment of gratitude to so illustrious Peruvian few worthy as prominently in the most glorious pages of our history.
Libertador de Chile

Unknown to date record of singular patriot, but several papers point to it as Peru and Cuzco, with the addition of Indian contemporaries ascribed some racists, not exactly realistic. He must start his military career at an early age and was the first to embrace the cause of independence, as there is evidence that he fought for the liberation of Chile, winning his promotion in the battlefields to reach the rank of sergeant major. Its proven love for Peru, her country and its soil, as mentioned many times, led to his enlistment in the expedition San Martin, ranking among the 29 officers who brought the Regiment "Dragoons of Chile", a body that came with only two individuals troop , indicating that it was completed with a majority of Peruvian recruits.

Winner in Coparí and Ccahuachi

In 1821, Miller accompanied Carreño incursions into Southern ports, and could not be in Lima at the time of independence in those days it was sailing from Arica to Pisco, where he landed on August 1.Fleeing from the royalist garrison Ica, Miller items sent in pursuit, and the scope came in Coparí with clear patriot victory. The enemy continued the flight to the mountains, but was intercepted by Morochucos and was forced to return to the coast, intending to Arequipa. Miller knew it in Tambo and highlighted a troop led by Carreño to cut off the retreat of the enemy. Collecting reports of friendly Indians, Carreño advanced by Nazca, and the night of August 10, surprised the Ccahuachi realistic, setting a new and decisive victory that was enhanced because he defeated an enemy that exceeded four times the number of its troops.Back in Ica Miller deserved praise, because thanks to their efforts was free realistic immediate southern Lima.

The New Nation of Children of the Sun

Then Carreno was appointed to the capital to take part in the siege of Callao in command of the "Grenadiers" battalion "Auxiliary of Lima." In September of that year succeeded Pardo de Zela in the leadership of the battalion "Interim Lima," which was organized on the basis of 1500 blacks were presented to serve voluntarily. Disciplined and trained the troops, recommending granting freedom to slaves who were noting that the "Grenadiers" were perhaps the best of the Liberation Army.

Carreño sincere longing the emergence of a new nation where the ideals were realized by those who blew themselves up so many thousands of Peruvians, from Manco Inca to Pumaccahua. And as knowledgeable about the history of Peru was the main ideal of the resurrection of the autonomous state on the basis purely of the Andes, because he always addressed his countrymen and soldiers, all Peruvians, calling them "Children of the Sun," a phrase which itself shut an ideology deeply nationalistic. Far was then suspect that the libertarian ideals of the fighters end up being betrayed by the Creoles, the ruling class who profit the patriot victory at the expense of the oppressed masses.

Military Commander of Nazca

In early 1822, with the approval of the Minister illustrated Monteagudo, Carreno was appointed Military Commander of the Party of Nazca.Reaffirmed its qualities as an instructor there militia and earned the praise of Colonel Tristan, who called it "egregious official skills and confidence." Obeying the orders of General Alvarado Rudesindo continually moved between Palpa and Nazca, to maintain contact with the guerrilla leaders and Lucanas Caravelí. It then developed the First Intermediate campaign and its mission was to "contain any incursion of the enemy in the mountains."

In April of that year, threatening its position, Pisco was sent to St. Nicholas the brig "Pejespada," with orders to embark his troops. Already in Pisco took pains to collect scattered and passed April 20 Chanquillo to incorporate a batch of 120 men.Along the way he was informed that the royalist leaders and Valdes Carratalá from Palpa and Ica, respectively, highlighting combined forces to lock, then back to the port and not getting the ship to sail, went astray for over two and a half days without water any food, until the enemy retired, unable to return to Pisco "in the last end of life."What succor there, the mayor of Paracas, who were saved thanks to the stragglers who were also in the sand.
The fact that we could evade the enemy despite being in such poor conditions, won him the gratitude of the government, upon arrival in Lima was appointed Political and Military Governor of Huarochiri, with control over the guerrillas operating in the mountains immediately.

Guerrilla Chief in Huarochiri

The work of Colonel Carreno in the highlands of Lima was multiple, and difficult. Recruit, organize, train and equip several items, incorporating career officers and troops to guerrilla fighters into the regular army. Relying on the consistent support of these troops formed Indian mayors from almost nothing, and even established an armory, with few resources but with admirable enthusiasm. It also organized an adequate intelligence service, through which he was aware of enemy movement, conveying timely reports to their superiors.

He had no fixed venue but continually moved through all the towns in his jurisdiction to personally verify their needs and progress in the guerrilla organization. He stood where his presence was required between June and December 1882 was in Huarochiri Yauli, Matucana, La Oroya, San Mateo, Cachicachi, Carampoma, Chaclacayo, San Damiano, Olleros, Santa Inés, Yuracmayo, Casapalca, San Lorenzo de Quinti , Sing, Chorrillos, Langa, etc. and even down to Lima when there was no response to their requests for help.

Extreme nationalist

This relentless bustle was not understood by some Allied commanders as Francisco de Paula Otero, president of Tarma and Commanding General of the Sierra, who repeatedly complained of not being well cared for and even recommended to stay Carreño a fixed point for adequate support.This was responded to Peru's head: "My residence is walking, and I stand where the functions of my office called me where I can be useful to my country and my land."

In fulfilling its duty Carreño battled tirelessly with the royalists, hot on the rear and harassed by frequent and sudden attacks. But while growing influence among the Peruvians, the opposition also grew they did the allied commanders and some party leaders jealous of his success. The fact that they intend to limit its functions to a subordinate simply motivated Carreño was becoming extreme nationalist. And this caused him further problems, unfounded accusations and alleged insults, such as those inserted a placard appeared in Yauli, calling it "tyrannical and Peruvian Cuzco through."To balance that animosity Carreño consolidated a unique partnership with the mayors Indians, at one point came to proclaim that only he would abide by the orders dictated. Then raged complaints against him and the end of 1882 was due in Lima to defend themselves. Lacking this time from lawyers in January 1823 he was stripped of his command for the Governing Board.
Forger of the Hussars of Junín

But the delay was short, as in February 1823 was asked by General Arenales to bring the guerrillas in the mountains and allow the transit of Colonel Otero Lima. He went on to Huanuco, where he organized a cavalry squadron that eventually settle for the glorious regiment "Hussars of Junín". He owed his claim to the change in government, as Riva Aguero became president and army chief General Santa Cruz.

In March of that year was recognized as a sergeant major in June and looked gallons of lieutenant colonel. It was then assigned as deputy Villar Isidoro, acting as the new Commander of the Sierra. Grew his influence again, and noticed this by the allied commanders were renewed allegations against him. There was no way the United Army consolidated Libertador, Sucre and the arrival of the crisis stripped of its alleged unity.Riva Aguero was deposed and replaced Torre Tagle, preparing for the arrival of Bolivar. That shift surprised Peruvians who heads for some time, believing sincere nationalism proclaimed by Riva Aguero, were involved in a civil war they never wanted.

Combat Macon

Carreño became an object of suspicion when it was discovered that Riva Agüero is trying to retain communications directed at your service. In such a difficult situation and being in Cerro de Pasco with his "Hussars" and guerrillas, decided to attack the royalists who held Tarma. Requested support of the troops stationed in Huanuco, but his foreign official was reluctant to obey. Had to admonish then the presence of that aid in verifying the Kings meeting in early July 1823, when the enemy had been properly reinforced.

Despite the difficult situation did not abandon his project and delivered a fiery speech to his followers urging them to fight for "freedom of the country", for immediately afterwards, on the morning of July 12, start the progression of Tarma, ignoring the realists were aware of their progress.Thus, entering the stream of Macon was surprised and disaster struck. He tried desperately to defend, but defected allies fled in disarray.Carreno tried to contain the spread, but not getting it opted out to Cerro de Pasco with his "Hussars" and guerrillas, while the allies took the road to Huanuco.

Among Riva Agüero and Bolivar

In that difficult time was that Riva Aguero returned to claim his support. Carreño hesitated to take sides, but not stopped from officiating at Torre Tagle Yanahuanca, requesting orders. Meanwhile their spies roamed the nearby positions, investigating the views of Colombians, because some of them went so far as to criticize his "nationalist sentiments". He attributed those days Riva Agüero proclamations in favor and the situation worsened when the deposed president conveyed a firm promoted to colonel and also appointed Commander of the Sierra.

The Lima government then ordered to attack, but the November 30, 1823 Carreño this action by announcing contained in a letter to Bolivar was at their service to fight for the most sacred interests of the country. Four days later, in a letter to Colonel Otero, Carreno made the necessary demarcation, "I said V. S. S. E. (Bolivar) has warned him that I have disobeyed Mr. Riva Agüero, that's true throughout Peru and see your great service time I've done the ground I was born ... What V. S. I propose (amnesty, and command level recognition, etc.). everything is supported by a Peruvian who do not fancy but the freedom of his country, but warn V. S. soldiers who served in the day my body to be sacred. " The latter alarmed Otero, who faked compromise however, the two leaders finally met on December 5 Huanuco proclaiming a sincere friendship that was only part of the head of Peru.

In the final campaign

Not be long for revictimization Carreño suspicion.He maintained, however, command of the "Hussars of Peru," but his assistant was appointed as commander alo Aldao, whose real mission was to go nullifying his authority. Sucre recommended for inclusion in the forefront of the Liberation Army, but leaders demanded his expulsion as Bermúdez, accusing him of seducing the soldiers to embrace the party of Riva Agüero. The charge was absolutely false, because from Guayaquil the ousted president had written to render obedience to ordering Carreño Bolivar. Reasons to hate the other and Peru were let on the writing Bermudez Otero: "Now comes the best time to separate the man from us." That conspiracy has paid off in March 1824 and was stripped of command Carreño of the "Hussars of Peru" was replaced by none other than Aldao.

Everything indicates that this injustice disapproved Bolívar, as recognized in July as head of Colonel Carreno Park Liberation Army. Know its participation in the campaign of Junin, but we know that in September the lead head of the host that led Bolivar to Huamanga. His value was also recognized by the general mestizo Santa Cruz, who said the command of "Hussars" in risky observation missions over the river Pampas.
The riskiest missions

In the following weeks ranked headquarters to the "guerrillas Vanguardia". So what Miller said, noting that "the Montoneros, under the command of Colonel Carreno brave," accounted Abancay and other points on the left bank of Apurimac. Sucre also gave testimony to the important mission of serving Carreño, writing from Mamara, 17 October: "Cutuctay line, Colca, San Juan de Cotabambas, San Augustine and Copca, is crossed by Colonel Carreno, which has takenLieutenant prisoner of the "Imperial" met Cristobal Antonio won and 260 cattle have taken ... Carreño Larata writes he plans to spend Limatambo in raids. The attached Carreño going to hurry and secure. " And 18 from Trapiche, Althaus reported on the other hand, "Carreno is Curahuasi protecting the return of spies infiltrated in Cuzco."

The participation of the patriot leader was extremely important, because not only was limited to reconnaissance, but protected the intelligence service, made collection of food and continually harassed the advanced realistic. We were entrusted with the most risky missions and served brilliantly and, no doubt, was his guerrillas who had the most realistic crashes during the campaign in Apurimac.

The sublime sacrifice

That relentless bustle, that reckless daring, that total dedication to the cause he advocated, were reasons enough for the enemy is bent on finalization. Thus, on 30 November, when making new entry in Talavera, near Andahuaylas, was caught by a patrol ambushed, suffering heavy losses in violent combat. He escaped with difficulty and walked in the days following the heights of the Pampas struggling to reorganize their guerrillas.

Was finally able to get it, but the December 8, 1824, in coming down to meet the bulk of the Liberation Army to take part in the decisive Battle of Ayacucho and imminent, he was again caught in the vicinity of Condorcunca. They have fought his last fight and blew himself heroically not see the big win that much and so many struggles.

No one remembered quote in the patriotic party the next day realized the victory in the Pampa de Quinoa. They killed him twice, said bitterly Juan Jose Vega, and even a thousand times, because 179 years of its sublime sacrifice does not have the seat it deserves in the most glorious pages of our history.
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Sources: Documentary Collection of the Independence of Peru, volumes on the Navy (1780-1822), the Liberating Expedition, Military Affairs in the People's Patriotic Action Emancipation, and Guerrilla Montoneros. See also the Memoirs of Miller and O'Leary. Juan Jose Vega is the historian who has struggled with more zeal for the vindication of Colonel Carreno.

Source: http://miguel.guzman.free.fr/Runapacha/h

miércoles, 22 de junio de 2011

EL CORONEL MARCELINO CARREÑO

La acción constante, principal, heroica, abnegada y decisiva con que nuestros guerrilleros cooperaron al éxito de nuestra campaña libertadora, permanece hasta hoy desconocida, oculta en las honduras de la indiferencia y el olvido. Guerrillas organizadas por San Martín desde su llegada al Perú, a ejemplo de las cuales Sucre y Bolívar quisieron formar las de 1824. Organizadas en partidas, hicieron la guerra del espionaje, la sorpresa, el asalto y la batalla, con tenacidad y audacia; eran infatigables centauros en las cuestas, desfiladeros, escabrosidades y laderas de la sierra.
Desde 1821 y durante la campaña libertadora hostilizaron al enemigo por todos los lados, en sus marchas y campamentos, desmoralizando a las tropas, provocando la deserción en sus filas, asaltando su caballería y acémilas, quebrantando su poder militar. El espionaje suministraba al ejército Libertador en todo instante conocimiento exacto de las posiciones, movimientos y efectivos de las tropas realistas ocupantes del territorio; los guerrilleros preparaban las batallas, reduciendo al enemigo al mínimo de su ofensiva y eficacia. Bolívar dispuso que algunas partidas de montoneros y guerrilleros, a cuya cabeza se encontraban intrépidos jefes, marchaban sobre las huellas de los realistas con la misión de hostilizarlos.
Así , en 1823 operaban en Apurímac, el guerrillero Manuel Bustamante, Comandante de los “Lanceros de Collpa”, y el Sargento Mayor J. Irasusta, Comandante de las guerrillas de Curahuasi. En el año 1824 el Coronel Guerrillero Marcelino Carreño se encontraba en Curahuasi y controlaba la zona comprendida entre Abancay y el Río Apurímac. Prácticamente estos guerrilleros se convirtieron en los padres de nuestra Patria chica – Curahuasi.
Este montonero cuya lengua materna era el quechua, que estuvo en Curahuasi en 1824, según investigaciones realizadas por Mariano Felipe Paz Soldán, así como por Francisco Javier Mariátegui, basada en testimonios de quienes presenciaron los hechos y dieron cuenta escrita de lo que supieron, conocieron o vieron, a la vez; basados también en memorias, relatos y escritos tanto de los viajeros que estuvieron en el Perú como de peruanos que participaron en los acontecimientos, o en los informes militares de los Jefes del Ejército Peruano y del Ejército Colonial ante su Rey, así como sus Partes de Batalla y su correspondencia; cuyos testimonios llevan a firmar que el Coronel Marcelino Carreño participó desde la llegada de San Martín (1820), por quien fue designado.
Realizó sus actividades juntamente que valerosos peruanos de diferentes lugares como: Arequipa empezando por Caravelí; en Ica Chincha; Lima, Cañete; Lucanas, Parinacochas, Huamanga, Marcón, Huánuco, Andahuaylas, Oyón, Huaylas, Huancayo y otros muchos lugares que abarcaba con mucha facilidad por su dominio del quechua. Carreño antes de la Batalla de Ayacucho (noviembre de 1823) estando en Huánuco, fue el primero en romper relaciones con José de la Riva Agüero, al saber que éste se entendía con el enemigo, lo cual comunicó a Bolívar del siguiente modo: “el Regimiento de mi mando, los oficiales y yo, tenemos la fidelidad de estar bajo las órdenes de Vuestra Excelencia”.
El General García Camba, en sus Memorias, dice sobre Carreño, lo siguiente: “Carreño cubría con todos los montoneros del país entre Abancay y el Apurímac”. El fantástico guerrillero Marcelino Carreño, tuvo la adhesión resuelta de todas las poblaciones (como Curahuasi), en su obra literaria y de organización. Durante la Batalla de Ayacucho (09 de diciembre de 1924), el General La Mar solicitó a Sucre autorización para lanzar a sus reservas formadas por unos 700 a 900 montoneros a caballo, mandados por el Coronel de guerrillas Marcelino Carreño.
Sucre accedió de inmediato, las montoneras peruanas se formaron en orden de batalla en los declives existentes a la izquierda de la división peruana y cargaron con tremendos bríos; el choque fue de singular violencia, pero la división de los realistas comandada por Valdés se detuvo. Detenido Valdés, el General La Mar pudo organizar sus batallones y lanzarlos al combate, que se tornó reñido, imposibilitando a los coloniales que continuaran su operación de desborde y ataque por la retaguardia. Las montoneras de Carreño quebraron la primera parte del brillante plan de batalla de los realistas; en pago de ello murieron muchos montoneros, entre los cuales se encontraba Carreño. Esta acción heroica de Carreño al detener a Valdés, permitió la victoria peruana en las pampas de Ayacucho.
El Mariscal de campo realista don Jerónimo Valdés, en su informe dirigido al Rey don Fernando VII, sobre los acontecimientos que permitieron la derrota de las fuerzas coloniales, manifiesta que Sucre omitió mencionar al Coronel Marcelino Carreño como el Héroe Máximo de la Batalla de los campos de Ayacucho.
Esta omisión ha dado como resultado la más grande injusticia histórica que sobrepasa a la persona, al propio gran héroe que fue Carreño, porque este gran personaje es uno de los representantes más importantes de los grandes montoneros que tanto lucharon por nuestra Independencia, y que, en definitiva, fueron los que detuvieron al propio Valdés; en este empeño murió Carreño, y Valdés debió haberlo visto caer y por eso reprocha a Sucre el haber eliminado al formidable héroe del Parte de Batalla que confeccionó. Otra omisión de Sucre también estuvo relacionada con el General Gamarra. Sucre en su Parte marginó a los combatientes peruanos resaltando a los extranjeros.
En nuestro país había más de cien jefes montoneros, al mando de más de mil soldados regulares, quienes fueron los que nos dieron la libertad. Por todo ello, a todos estos héroes independentistas debemos honrarlos y perennizarlos como se merecen, por su sacrificio y por legarnos una Patria libre

FOTO:
Fuente:http://www.tourenperu.com/personajesilustresdeapurimac.php

EL CORONEL SANTIAGO MARCELINO CARREÑO, LIBERTADOR DE CHILE Y DEL PERÚ, HÉROE OLVIDADO DE LA CAMPAÑA DE AYACUCHO

Por: Luis Guzmán Palomino

La historia de la guerra separatista por la cual el Perú nació como estado independiente de España, encierran aún muchas páginas que están por escribirse,

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sobre todo en lo referente a la participación combatiente del pueblo peruano que en aquellos años de 1820 a 1824, organizó guerrillas en varias regiones del país y cubrió en mayoría las plazas del Ejército Unido Libertador. Por inexplicables razones no se acepta hasta la fecha –salvo excepciones- el análisis de ese período desde el punto de vista peruano, consintiéndose el desmedido ensalzamiento de los aliados en desmedro de los nuestros, cuya actuación en ningún caso fue menos importante. Prejuicios e ignorancias han marginado a los protagonistas peruanos de esa guerra, inclusive a jefes de alta graduación que estuvieron vinculados a las guerrillas indias y mestizas. Consideramos que ello implica no sólo omisión, sino aun injusticia, cuya reparación no puede dilatarse por más tiempo.

Tal vez la omisión más grave sea la que ha sepultado en el olvido al insigne coronel cuzqueño Santiago Marcelino Carreño, cuyo nombre casi nadie recuerda pese a que fue el oficial peruano de mayor graduación que murió en la campaña de Ayacucho. De los jefes patriotas sólo el británico Guillermo Miller lo citó entre los héroes; todos los demás lo silencia­ron, olvidando a quien fuera de los libertadores de Chile, vencedor de varias acciones guerrilleras, organizador de un escuadrón de caballería que sería base del regimiento “Húsares de Junín” y Jefe de los “Guerrilleros de Vanguardia” en la definitiva batalla de Ayacucho. Ningún monumento conmemorativo recuerda a Carreño; apenas si algunos historiadores, principalmente Juan José Vega, han vindicado su memoria; los diccionarios de personajes peruanos ni lo nombran y no ha tenido hasta hoy el homenaje que exige su brillante trayectoria.

El 8 de diciembre de 1824, en vísperas de librarse la batalla de Ayacucho, cuando precisa­mente bajaba con sus guerrilleros para participar en ella, Carreño fue emboscado en las cercanías del Condorcunca, librando allí su último combate e inmolándose heroicamente. Estos modestos apuntes sobre los rasgos más saltantes de su biografía, se escriben como un reconocimiento de gratitud hacia tan preclaro peruano, merecedor como pocos de un lugar destacado en las más gloriosas páginas de nuestra historia.

Libertador de Chile

Desconocemos hasta la fecha la hoja de servicios de tan singular patriota; pero varios documentos lo señalan como peruano y cuzqueño, con el añadido de indio que le adjudicaron algunos racistas coetáneos, no precisamente realistas. Debió iniciar su carrera militar a muy temprana edad; y fue de los primeros en abrazar la causa independentista, pues existe testimonio de que luchó por la emancipación de Chile, ganando sus ascensos en los campos de batalla hasta alcanzar el grado de sargento mayor. Su probado amor por el Perú, su patria y su suelo, como mencionó tantas veces, motivó su alistamiento en la expedición sanmartiniana, figurando entre los 29 oficiales que trajo el regimiento “Dragones de Chile”, cuerpo que vino con sólo dos individuos de tropa, lo que indica que se completó con una mayoría de reclutas peruanos.

Vencedor en Coparí y Ccahuachi

En 1821 Carreño acompañó a Miller en las incursiones a los puertos del Sur, y no pudo hallarse en Lima al proclamarse la independencia pues en esos días navegaba de Arica a Pisco, donde desembarcó el 1 de agosto. Al huir de Ica la guarnición realista, Miller envió partidas en su persecución; y el alcance se produjo en Coparí, con clara victoria patriota. El enemigo prosiguió la fuga hacia la sierra, pero fue interceptado por los Morochucos, viéndose obligado a retornar a la costa con intención de pasar a Arequipa. Miller supo de ello en Tambo y destacó una tropa al mando de Carreño para cortar la retirada al enemigo. Recogiendo informes de indios amigos, Carreño avanzó por Nazca, y la noche del 10 de agosto sorprendió a los realistas en Ccahuachi, logrando un nuevo y decisivo triunfo que se vio realzado porque derrotó a un enemigo que superaba cuatro veces el número de sus efectivos. De vuelta en Ica mereció los elogios de Miller, porque merced a sus esfuerzos quedaba libre de realistas la región meridional inmediata a Lima.

La Patria Nueva de los Hijos del Sol

A continuación, Carreño fue destinado a la capital, para tomar parte en el sitio del Callao comandando a los “Granaderos” del batallón “Auxiliar de Lima“. En setiembre de ese año sucedió a Pardo de Zela en la jefatura del batallón “Provisional de Lima“, que se organizó sobre la base de mil quinientos negros que se presentaron a servir voluntariamente. Disciplinó y adiestró a esa tropa, recomendando que se concediera la libertad a quienes eran esclavos tras señalar que los “Granaderos” eran tal vez lo mejor del Ejército Libertador.

Carreño anheló sinceramente el surgimien­to de una patria nueva donde se hicieran realidad los ideales por los que se inmolaran tantos miles de peruanos, desde Manco Inca hasta Pumaccahua. Y como conocedor de la historia del Perú tuvo por principal ideal la resurrección del estado autónomo sobre bases netamente andinas, porque siempre se dirigió a sus paisanos y soldados, a los peruanos todos, llamándolos “Hijos del Sol”, frase que de por sí encerraba toda una ideología profundamente nacionalista. Lejos estuvo entonces de sospechar que los ideales de los luchadores libertarios terminarían siendo traicionados por los criollos, la clase dominante que usufructuó el triunfo patriota en perjuicio de las mayorías oprimidas.

Comandante Militar de Nazca

A principios de 1822, con el visto bueno del ilustrado ministro Monteagudo, Carreño fue nombrado Comandante Militar del Partido de Nazca. Reafirmó allí sus cualidades como instructor de milicias y mereció los elogios del coronel Tristán, que lo calificó como “oficial de notorias aptitudes y de confianza”. Acatando órdenes del general Rudesindo Alvarado se movilizó de continuo entre Palpa y Nazca, para mantener contacto con los jefes guerrilleros de Caravelí y Lucanas. Se desarrollaba entonces la Primera Campaña de Interme­dios y su misión fue la de “contener cualquier incursión del enemigo por la sierra“.

En abril de ese año, al peligrar su posición, se envió de Pisco a San Nicolás el bergantín “Pejespada”, con encargo de embarcar a su tropa. Ya en Pisco se esmeró en recoger dispersos, y el 20 de abril pasó a Chanquillo para incorporar una partida de 120 hombres. En el camino fue informado de que los jefes realistas Carratalá y Valdés, desde Palpa e Ica respectivamente, destacaban fuerzas combinadas para encerrarlo; retrocedió entonces al puerto y no consiguiendo buque para embarcarse, marchó por caminos extraviados durante dos días y medio, sin agua ni alimento alguno, hasta que, retirado el enemigo, pudo volver a Pisco “en el último extremo de la vida“. Lo socorrió allí el alcalde de Paracas, gracias a quien pudieron salvarse también los rezagados que quedaron en los arenales.

El hecho de haber podido burlar al enemigo pese a hallarse en tan precarias condiciones, le mereció la gratitud del gobierno, que a su llegada a Lima lo nombró Gobernador Político y Militar de Huarochirí, con mando sobre las guerrillas que operaban en la sierra inmediata.

Jefe Guerrillero en Huarochirí

La labor del coronel Carreño en la sierra de Lima fue múltiple, como difícil. Reclutó, organizó, adiestró y equipó varias partidas, incorporando oficiales de carrera a las guerrillas y contingentes guerrilleros al ejército regular. Contando con la invariable ayuda de los alcaldes indios formó esas tropas casi de la nada; y hasta estableció una armería, con escasos recursos pero con un entusiasmo admirable. Organizó también un adecuado servicio de espionaje, gracias al cual estuvo al tanto del movimiento enemigo, transmitiendo puntuales informes a sus superiores.

No tuvo sede fija sino que se movilizó de continuo recorriendo todos los pueblos de su jurisdicción para comprobar personalmente sus necesidades y verificar el progreso en la organiza­ción de guerrillas. Se situó donde su presencia fue necesaria y entre junio y diciembre de 1882 estuvo en Huarochirí, Yauli, Matucana, La Oroya, San Mateo, Cachicachi, Carampoma, Chaclacayo, San Damián, Olleros, Santa Inés, Yuracmayo, Casapalca, San Lorenzo de Quinti, Canta, Chorrillos, Langa, etc., y aún bajó a Lima cuando no hubo respuesta a sus solicitudes de ayuda.

Nacionalista a ultranza

Ese continuo trajinar no fue comprendido por algunos jefes aliados, como Francisco de Paula Otero, presidente de Tarma y Comandante General de la Sierra, quien repetidamente se quejó de no ser bien atendido y hasta recomendó a Carreño mantenerse en un punto fijo para apoyarlo adecuadamente. A ello respondió el jefe peruano: “Mi residencia es ambulante, y me sitúo donde las funciones de mi cargo me llaman, donde yo puedo ser útil a mi patria y a mi suelo“.

En cumplimiento de su deber Carreño batalló incansablemente con los realistas, pisándo­les la retaguardia y hostilizándolos con frecuentes y sorpresivos ataques. Pero al tiempo que crecía su influencia entre los peruanos, creció también la oposición que le hicieron los jefes aliados y algunos jefes de partidas celosos de sus éxitos. El hecho de que aquellos pretendiesen limitar sus funciones a las de un simple subordinado motivó que Carreño fuera tornándose nacionalista a ultranza. Y ello le provocó nuevos problemas, acusaciones infundadas y pretendidos insultos, como aquellos que insertó un pasquín aparecido en Yauli, calificándolo de “cuzqueño déspota y peruano atravesado“. Para contrapesar esa animadversión consolidó Carreño una singular alianza con los alcaldes indios, los que en un momento llegaron a proclamar que sólo acatarían las órdenes que él dictara. Arreciaron entonces las quejas en su contra y a finales de 1882 debió presentarse en Lima para defenderse. Carente esta vez de abogados, en enero de 1823 fue despojado de su mando por la Junta Gubernativa.

Forjador de los Húsares de Junín

Pero su postergación duró poco, pues en febrero de 1823 fue requerido por el general Arenales para reunir a las guerrillas de la sierra y permitir el tránsito del coronel Otero a Lima. Pasó luego a Huánuco, donde organizó un escuadrón de caballería que con el tiempo conformaría el glorioso regimiento “Húsares de Junín“. Debió su reivindicación al cambio producido en el gobierno, pues asumió la presidencia Riva Agüero y la jefatura del ejército el general Santa Cruz.

En marzo de ese año fue reconocido como sargento mayor y en junio lucía ya galones de teniente coronel. Fue entonces destinado como lugarteniente de Isidoro Villar, que actuaba como nuevo Comandante General de la Sierra. Creció una vez más su influencia, y advertido esto por los jefes aliados se renovaron las denuncias en su contra. No estaba de ninguna forma consolidado el Ejército Unido Libertador, y la llegada de Sucre desnudó la crisis de su pretendida unidad. Riva Agüero fue depuesto y lo reemplazó Torre Tagle, preparando la llegada de Bolívar. Ese cambio sorprendió a los jefes peruanos que durante algún tiempo, creyendo sincero el nacionalismo proclamado por Riva Agüero, se vieron involucrados en una contienda civil que nunca quisieron.

Combate de Macón

Carreño volvió a ser objeto de recelos cuando se descubrió que Riva Agüero le dirigía comunicacio­nes intentando retenerlo a sus órdenes. En tan difícil coyuntura y hallándose en Cerro de Pasco con sus “Húsares” y guerrilleros, decidió atacar a los realistas que ocupaban Tarma. Solicitó apoyo de las tropas acantonadas en Huánuco, pero su oficialidad extranjera se mostró reacia a obedecer­lo. Hubo de conminar entonces la presencia de ese auxilio verificándose la reunión en Reyes a principios de julio de 1823, cuando ya el enemigo había sido convenientemente reforzado.

Pese a la difícil coyuntura no renunció a su proyecto y pronunció una encendida arenga ante sus fieles exhortándolos a luchar por “la libertad del país“, para acto seguido, en la madrugada del 12 de julio, iniciar la progresión sobre Tarma, ignorando que los realistas estaban al tanto de su avance. Así, al entrar en la quebrada de Macón fue sorprendido y sobrevino el desastre. Intentó desesperadamente la defensa, pero defeccionaron los aliados huyendo en desorden. Carreño trató de contener la dispersión, pero no consiguiéndolo optó por retirarse a Cerro de Pasco con sus “Húsares” y guerrilleros, en tanto que los aliados tomaban el camino a Huánuco.

Entre Riva Agüero y Bolívar

En ese difícil trance fue que Riva Agüero volvió a reclamar su apoyo. Vaciló Carreño en tomar partido, pero no dejó de oficiar a Torre Tagle desde Yanahuanca, solicitando órdenes. Espías suyos recorrían entretanto las posiciones cercanas, indagando el parecer de los colombianos, porque algunos de éstos llegaron al extremo de criticar sus “sentimientos nacionalistas“. Se le atribuyeron por esos días proclamas favorables a Riva Agüero y la situación se agravó cuando el depuesto mandatario le transmitió un despacho ascendiéndolo a coronel y nombrándolo además Comandante General de la Sierra.

El gobierno de Lima ordenó entonces atacarlo, pero el 30 de noviembre de 1823 Carreño contuvo ese accionar al anunciar en carta a Bolívar que se ponía a su servicio para luchar por los más sagrados intereses de la patria. Cuatro días después, en carta al coronel Otero, Carreño hizo el necesario deslinde: “Me dice V. S. que S. E. (Bolívar) le ha advertido que yo he desobedecido al Sr. Riva Agüero; ésa es una verdad y todo el Perú verá a su tiempo el servicio grande que he hecho al suelo en que nací… Lo que V. S. me propone (amnistía, reconocimiento de grado y mando, etc.), todo es admitido por un peruano que no apetece sino la libertad de su país, pero advierto a V. S. que los soldados que en el día sirven en mi cuerpo deben ser sagrados”. Esto último alarmó a Otero, quien sin embargo fingió el avenimiento; ambos jefes, finalmente, se reunieron en Huánuco el 5 de diciembre proclamando una amistad que sólo fue sincera de parte del jefe peruano.

En la campaña final

No transcurriría mucho tiempo para que Carreño volviese a ser víctima de sospechas. Mantuvo, con todo, el mando de los “Húsares del Perú”, pero se designó como ayudante suyo alo comandante Aldao, cuya verdadera misión fue la de ir anulando su autoridad. Sucre lo recomen­dó para figurar en la vanguardia del Ejército Libertador; pero jefes como Bermúdez exigieron su expulsión, acusándolo de seducir a la tropa para abrazar el partido de Riva Agüero. El cargo era absolutamente falso, pues desde Guayaquil el derrocado presidente había escrito a Carreño ordenándole prestar obediencia a Bolívar. Las razones para odiar al peruano eran otras y Bermúdez las dejó traslucir escribiendo a Otero: “Ahora se presenta la mejor ocasión para separar a este hombre de nosotros”. Esa conspiración rindió sus frutos y en marzo de 1824 Carreño fue despojado del mando de los “Húsares del Perú“, siendo sustituido nada menos que por Aldao.

Todo indica que Bolívar desaprobó esa injusticia, pues en julio reconoció al coronel Carreño como Jefe del Parque del Ejército Libertador. Desconocemos su participación en la campaña de Junín, pero sabemos que en setiembre jefaturaba la vanguardia de la hueste que Bolívar condujo hasta Huamanga. Su valía fue también reconocida por el mestizo general Santa Cruz, quien lo destacó al mando de “Húsares en arriesgadas misiones de observación sobre el río Pampas.

En las misiones más riesgosas

En las semanas siguientes figuró jefaturando a los “Guerrilleros de Vanguardia“. Así lo mencionó Miller, señalando que “los montoneros, a las órdenes del valiente coronel Carreño”, ocupaban Abancay y otros puntos en la orilla izquierda del Apurímac. Sucre dio también testimonio de la importante misión que cumplía Carreño, escribiendo desde Mamara, el 17 de octubre: “La línea de Cutuctay, Colca, San Juan de Cotabambas, San Agustín y Copca, está recorrida por el coronel Carreño, el cual ha cogido prisionero al subteniente del “Imperial” don Antonio Cristóbal que reunía ganado y se le han tomado 260 reses… Carreño escribe de Larata que piensa pasar a Limatambo en correrías. La adjunta para Carreño que vaya con prisa y segura”. Y el 18, desde Trapiche, Althaus comunicó por su parte: “Carreño está en Curahuasi protegiendo el regreso de espías infiltrados en el Cuzco“.

La participación del jefe patriota tuvo enorme importancia, pues no sólo se limitó a las tareas de reconocimiento sino que protegió el servicio de espionaje, efectuó acopio de víveres y hostilizó de continuo a las avanzadas realistas. Le fueron confiadas las misiones más riesgosas y las cumplió brillantemente; y, a no dudarlo, fue su guerrilla la que más choques tuvo con los realistas durante la campaña en Apurímac.

La sublime inmolación

Ese incansable trajinar, esa intrepidez temeraria, esa entrega total a la causa que defendía, fueron motivos más que suficientes para que el enemigo se empeñara en ultimarlo. Así, el 30 de noviembre, cuando efectuaba nueva entrada en Talavera, cerca de Andahuaylas, fue sorprendido por una patrulla emboscada, sufriendo grave pérdida en violento combate. Pudo escapar a duras penas y en los días siguientes recorrió las alturas del Pampas pugnando por reorganizar a sus guerrilleros.

Pudo al fin conseguirlo, pero el 8 de diciembre de 1824, en que bajaba a reunirse con el grueso del Ejército Libertador, para tomar parte en la decisiva e inminente batalla de Ayacucho, fue nuevamente sorprendido, en las cercanías del Condorcunca. Allí libró su último combate y se inmoló heroicamente, no alcanzado a ver el gran triunfo por el que tanto y tanto luchara.

Nadie se acordó de citarlo en los partes patriotas que al día siguiente dieron cuenta de la victoria obtenida en la Pampa de la Quinua. Se le mató dos veces -ha dicho con amargura Juan José Vega-, y hasta mil veces, porque a 179 años de su sacrificio sublime no tiene aún el sitial que merece en las más gloriosas páginas de nuestra historia.

Fuentes: Colección Documental de la Independencia del Perú, tomos relativos a la Marina (1780-1822); la Expedición Libertadora; Asuntos Militares; Acción Patriótica del Pueblo en la Emancipación; Guerrillas y Montoneras. Véanse también las Memorias de Miller y O’Leary. Juan José Vega es el historiador que con más afán ha luchado por la reivindicación del coronel Carreño.

Fuente: http://miguel.guzman.free.fr/Runapacha/historia.htm

martes, 7 de junio de 2011

HOMENAJE A ANTONIO JOSE DE SUCRE

Batalla de Ayacucho - Perú

En Ayacucho en esa última batalla pelearon argentinos, chilenos, bolivianos, peruanos, colombianos, ecuatorianos y venezolanos...

Antonio Jose de Sucre (1795-1830)

Película " Sucre" año 1996
Descripcion del video
Batalla de Ayacucho 9 de Diciembre de 1824

Simon Bolivar Batalla de Ayacucho

Battle of Ayacucho

Battle of Ayacucho

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Battle of Ayacucho
Part of Peruvian War of Independence
Battle of Ayacucho.jpg
The Battle of Ayacucho.
Date9 December 1824
LocationQuinua, Peru, Huamanga Province

Location of the province Huamanga in Ayacucho.svg

ResultDecisive Independentist Victory
Capitulation of the Royalist Army
End of Spanish rule in South America
Belligerents
Flag of Peru (1822 - 1825).svg Republic of PerúSpain Spain
Commanders and leaders
Bandera de Angostura (20 de noviembre de 1817).svg Antonio José de SucreSpain Viceroy La Serna
Spain José de Canterac
Strength
United Liberation Army [5]

Total: 5780[6]-8500[7]men

Royalist Army [9]

Total: 6906-9310 men [10]

Casualties and losses
9792,100 killed or captured
3,500 prisoners

The Battle of Ayacucho(Spanish pronunciation: [aʝaˈkutʃo]) was a decisive military encounter during the Peruvian War of Independence. It was the battle that sealed the independence of Peru, as well as the victory that ensured independence for the rest of South America. It is thus also considered the end of theSpanish American wars of independence.

As of late 1824, Royalists still had control of most of the south of Peru as well as ofReal Felipe Fort in the port ofCallao. On December 9, 1824, the Battle of Ayacucho, or Battle of La Quinua, took place at Pampa de La Quinua, a few kilometers away from Ayacucho, near the town of Quinua between Royalist and Independentistforces. Independentist forces were led by Antonio José de Sucre, Simón Bolívar's lieutenant. Viceroy José de la Serna was wounded, and after the battle second commander-in-chief José de Canterac signed the final capitulation of the Royalist army.

The modern Peruvian Armycelebrates the anniversary of this battle.

Contents

[hide]

[edit]Background

In 1820, Spain began what would shortly become a political disaster. An expedition of 20,000 soldiers waiting to be sent to Río de la Plata to help the royalists of America revolted under the encouragement of General Rafael Riego. In the subsequent weeks the revolt spread and King Ferdinand VII was forced to restore the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812, which he had suppressed six years earlier. This event ended Spain’s ability to send reinforcements to America, which in turn eventually forced the royalist armies of the viceroyalties of Peru and New Spain (today's Mexico), which had contained the Spanish American revolution so far, to deal with the patriot forces on their own. The royalists in each viceroyalty, however, took different paths.

In New Spain, royalists, after defeating the insurgents, proclaimed a negotiated separation from Liberal Spain through the Plan of Iguala, which they negotiated with the remaining patriots, and the Treaty of Córdoba, which they negotiated with the new head of government, Juan O'Donojú. In Peru Viceroy Joaquín de la Pezuela was discredited after a royalist expedition to Chile under Mariano Osorio was defeated and advances in Peru were made by José de San Martín. The viceroy was overthrown on January 29, 1821, in Aznapuquio in a coup by General José de la Serna, who proclaimed his adhesion to the restored Spanish Constitution.

The independentists started the new year with a promising victory. At Cerro de Pascothey defeated a Peruvian royalist army commanded by Viceroy La Serna. But royalists had a solid military training. Their first victory came against the independentist army commanded by Domingo Tristán and Agustín Gamarra in campaigns in the Ica Region. A year later, San Martin had withdrawn from the scene after the Interview of Guayaquil and royalist forces had smashed Rudecindo Alvarado's Liberating Expedition in campaigns in Torata and Moquegua. The year 1823 ended with the La Serna destroying another patriot army commanded by Andrés de Santa Cruz andAgustín Gamarra in yet another open campaign in Puno, which started with the Battle of Zepita and the resulted in the occupation of La Paz on August 8. After scattering Santa Cruz’s isolated troops. La Serna retrieved Arequipa after beating Antonio José de Sucre's Gran Colombian force on October 10. Sucre decided to evacuated the Gran Colombian troops, set sailing on October 10, 1823, saving himself and his troops, although losing the best of his cavalry. Viceroy La Serna ended the campaign after reaching Oruro in Upper Peru.

On the political front, the last remnants of optimism among patriots faded away with accusations of treason against Peruvian presidents José de la Riva Agüero and José Bernardo de Tagle. Riva Agüero deported deputies of the Peruvian Congress and organized another congress in Trujillo. After being found guilty of high treason by the Peru Congress [12] he was banished to Chile. This act, in turn, was considered by Simón Bolívar as treasonous. Tagle, who had arranged that all armies under his command supported Bolívar against the royalist enemy, was now searched by Bolívar was looking to capture and execute him.[13] Tagle took shelter with the royalists in the fortress of Callao, which was under siege.

Nevertheless, by the end of 1823, the situation had started to become critical for those who defended the king’s cause. In spite of the impressive military triumphs, Bolívar's request for reinforcements from Colombia made him a threat to the royalist army. Both sides prepared for the confrontation they knew was coming:

"Viceroy la Serna for his part, without direct communications with the Peninsula, with the most sad news of the state of the Metropolis [Spain] […] and reduced to its own and exclusive resources, but nobly trusting in his subordinates’ decision, union, loyalty and fortune, hurried the reorganization of his troops and prepared for the fight with the giant of Costafirme [Venezuela] that he saw coming soon. Another triumph for Spanish armies in that situation would make the Castilian flag wave again with unmatchable glory even to Ecuador; but another fate was already irrevocably written in the books of destiny.[14]

[edit]1824 Events

[edit]Buenos Aires Truce and Callao Revolt

Historian Rufino Blanco Fombona says that "Still in 1824 Bernardino Rivadavia makes a pact with Spanish, obstructing Ayacucho Campaign":[15] on July 4, 1823, Buenos Aires made a truce with Spanish commissionaires (Preliminary Peace Convention (1823)) that forced it to send negotiators to other South American governments so that it could had effect.[16] It was stipulated that hostilities would cease after 60 days after its ratification and would subsist over a year and half; meanwhile, a definitive peace and friendship would be negotiated. This was the reason for which they had a meeting in Salta Juan Gregorio de Las Heras city with brigadier Baldomero Espartero, obtaining no agreement. Among other measures taken by the viceroy for containing the imminent rebellion, on January 10, 1824 Casimiro Olañeta was ordered:

"I warn Your Excellency that you should not arrange any expedition in any direction over down provinces without my express order because, besides they are having a meeting in Salta trying to negotiate, General Las Heras on Government of Buenos Aires’ side and Brigadier Espartero on this superior Government’s side (...)"[17]

Rivadavia believed that the project would establish peace and stopped authority’s efforts of Salta over Upper Peru, refusing assistance and withdrawing advanced posts,[18] in detriment of the cause of Peru.

In that matter, the Irish historian, of military origin, Daniel Florencio O'Leary was of the opinion that with that that truce "Buenos Aires has implicitly withdrawn from the struggle",[19] and that "Buenos Aires Government pacts with the Spanish, on detriment of the American cause".[20]

On January 1, 1824, Bolívar fell terribly ill in Pativilca. At that time, Félix Álzaga, plenipotentiary minister of Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata arrived to Lima, in order to request Peru its adhesion to the truce, which was rejected by the Peruvian Congress. Nevertheless, since February 4, 1824 the quarters of Callao rioted, having the whole Argentinian infantry of the Libertor Expedition, together with some Chilean, Peruvians and Colombians: nearly 2000 men that in addition went over to the royalists[12], raising the Spanish pavilion and handing over the fortresses of Callao. The mounted grenadier regiment of the Andes also revolted in Lurin on February 14: two squadrons went over to the Callao to join the riot, but when they noticed that they had joined the royalists, a hundred of them with regiment bosses went to Lima to join. The unit was then reorganized by General Mariano Necochea. On the verge of such events,[21] the minister of Colombia, Joaquín Mosquera “fearing the ruin of our army” asked:«And what do you plan to do now?», and Bolívar, in a decided, answered:

Triumph!
—Simón Bolívar, Pativilca, 1824.

The Site of El Callao extended the war until 1826, and immediately resulted in the occupation of Lima Canterac, and it is said that, on May 1824, with a military action against Bolívar "they would have given the final blow to independence in this part of America".[22]

[edit]Olañeta's Rebellion

Surprisingly, at the start of year 1824, the entire royalist army of Upper Peru (today'sBolivia) rioted led by Pedro Antonio Olañeta a royalist against the viceroy of Peru (a liberal), after receiving news that the Constitutional Government had fallen in Spain. Indeed, the monarch Ferdinand VII of Spain and his absolutists followers recovered the government, supported by 132,000 French soldiers from the Holy Alliance army, which will occupy Spain until 1830. Rafael del Riego was hanged out on November 7, 1823 and the people of the liberal movement were executed, outcast or exiled from Spain. On October 1, 1823, the monarch decreed the abolition of everything approved during the last three years of constitutional government, which annulled the designation of La Serna as viceroy of Peru. The scope of the purge over the constitutionals of Vice-royalty Peru seemed infallible.

Olañeta ordered the attack of the Upper Peruvian royalists against the constitutionals of Peruvian viceroyalty.[23] La Serna changed his plans of going down to the coast to fight Bolívar, and sent Jerónimo Valdés with a force of 5000 veteran to cross the river River Desaguadero, which took place on January 22, 1824, in order to drive them to Potosíagainst his former subordinate, "because there are indications of a meditated treason, joining the dissidents of Buenos Aires". Memorias para la historia de las armas españolas en el Perú ("Memories for the history of the Spanish armies in Peru") from peninsular official Andrés García Camba (1846) detail the overturning that the incidents in Upper Peru produced in defensive plans of the viceroy. After a long campaign in the battles of Tarabuquillo, Sala, Cotagaita, and finally La Lava on August 17 of year 1824, both royalists forces of Viceroyalty Peru (liberals) and of the provinces of Upper Peru (absolutists), were mutually decimated.

Bolivar, having news of Olañeta, took advantage of the dismounting of the royalist defensive system so that he "moved the whole month of May to Jauja", and face José de Canterac isolated in Junín on August 6 of 1824. And so, a non-stop persecution started with the consequent desertion of 2700 royalists, which immediately went over to the independentists lines. Finally, October 7 of 1824, having his troops right in front of the doors of Cuzco, Bolívar gave general Sucre the command of the new battle front, which followed the course of the Apuríma River, and he withdraw to Lima in order to take from the capital more loans to keep the war going in Peru, and to receive a Colombian division of 4000 men given up by Páez which would arrive after Ayacucho.[24]

[edit]Ayacucho campaign

Grand Marshal of Ayacucho, Antonio José de Sucre.

The defeat of the expeditionary force of Canterac, forced La Serna to bring Jerónimo Valdés from Potosí, who came with forced marched with his soldiers. Gathered the royalist generals, and in spite of the signs of sincere adhesion of Cusco, the viceroy rejected a direct assault because of the lack of instruction of his army, enlarged by the massive return of peasants a few weeks earlier. On the contrary, he intended to cut Sucre’s rearguard through march and countermand maneuvers, which happen since Cusco to the encounter in Ayacucho, along the Andean range. Thereby, the royalists planned a quick strike which they made on December 3 in battle of Corpahuaico or Matará, where they caused the liberator army more than 500 casualties sand the loss of a big part of ammunition and artillery, having lost only 30 men. However, Sucre and his assistant managed to keep the troop organized and prevented the viceroy from exploiting this local success. Although having suffered important losses of men and material, Sucre kept the United Army in an ordered fall back, and always situated in assured positions of difficult access, like Quinoa field.

Another book of memories, In the service of the Republic of Peru, from general Guillermo Miller, offers the vision of the independentists. Besides Bolívar’s and Sucre’s talents, the United Army seeded from an important part of the century’s military experience: the Rifles battalion of the army of Colombia was composed of European mercenary troops, which were mostly British volunteers. This unit was substantially damaged in Corpahuico. Among its ranks, there were also veterans from the Spanish Independence, the North American Independence, and from the Spanish American Wars; there were even cases like the German Major Carlos Sowersby, veteran from the Battle of Borodino against Napoleón Bonaparte in Russia in 1812.

The royalists had had consumed their resources in a war of movements without achieving a decisive victory against the liberator army. Because of the extremely hard conditions of a campaign in the Andine range, both armies felt in numbers the effects of disease and desertion, which affected the independents as well as the armies lacking of military training and the armies made up by enemy prisoners. The royalists chiefs had positioned themselves in the heights of Condorcunca (which means condor’s neck in Quechua). This was a good defensive position but one which they couldn’t hold for long given they had food supplies for less than five days, which would mean the dispersion of the army and certain defeat under the close arrival of Columbian reinforcement. The army was impelled to make a desperate decision: the Battle of Ayacucho was about to begin.

[edit]Battle disposition

There is a debate regarding the numbers of fighters, but there must be taken into account that both armies started with similar forces (8500 independents vs, 9310 royalists) that were diminished during the next weeks until the very day of the battle (5780 independentists vs. 6906 loyals) because of the reasons exposed so far.

Battle of Ayacucho

United Liberation Army

Before the battle beginning, general Sucre harangued his troops:

"Soldiers, South America’s luck depends on today’s efforts; another day of glory will crown your admirable. Soldiers, Long live the Liberator! Long live Bolívar, the Savior of Peru!."
Antonio José de Sucre
Our line formed an angle; the right, composed by the battalions of Bogotá, Boltijeros, Pichincha and Caracas, of the first division of Colombia, under command of senior general Córdova. The left, by the battalions 1.° 2.° 3.° and the Peruvian legion, with the hussars of Junin, under senior general La Mar. On the center, the grenadiers and hussars of Colombia, with general Miller; and in reserve the Rifles, Vencedor and Bargas Batalions, of the first division of Colombia, under command of senior general Lara.
Parte de la batalla de Ayacucho[25]

Marshal Sucre doesn’t mention in this part the Mounted Grenadiers of Río de la Plata. General Miller in his Memoirs of General Miller: in the service of the republic of Peruoffers the full composition of the armies under Sucre:

Cordova Division (on the right): Bogota, Caracas, Voltigeur Regiment, Pichincha.

Miller Cavalry(in the centre): Junin Hussars, Colombia Grenadiers, Colombian Hussars, Buenos Ayres Grenadiers cavalry regiments.
La Mar Division (on the left): Peruvian Legion, N° 1, 2, N° 3 infantry battalions.
Lara Division (in reserve): Vargas, Vencedores, Rifle Regiment.[26]

Miller’s assertion regarding that the Junín Hussars were in his division[27] contradicts what Sucre says in the part.


Royalist Army of Perú

The Spanish quickly moved their troops down, getting to the gaps to our left the battalions Cantabria, Centro, Castro, 1° Imperial and two Hussar squadrons with a six pieces battery, strengthing too much the attack on that zone. On the center, formed the battalions Burgos, Infante, Victoria, Guias and 2° of the first Regiment, supporting the left of these ones with the three squadrons of the Union, San Carlos, the four of the Guards Grenadiers and the five pieces of artillery already situated; and over the heights to our left the battalions 1 and 2 of Gerona, 2° Imperial, 1° of the first Regiment, Fernandinos, and the squadron of Viceroy's Alaberderos Grenadiers.[25]

[edit]Outcome

Croquis de la batalla de Ayacucho.[28]
A. Royalists positions in the night from 8 to 9
B. Preparatory maneuver for the royalist attack
C. MMarch of battalions under colonel Rubín de Celis
D. Maneuver and attack of Monet division
E. Attack of Valdés’ vanguard over the house occupied by the independentists
F. Charge of royalist cavalry
M. and dispersion of Gerona battalions by the royalist reserve
K. Battalion Ferdinand VII, last royalist reserve

The mechanism organized by Canterac foresaw that the Vanguard division surrounded, alone, the enemy gathering, crossing Pampas river in order to secure the units to the left of Sucre. While the rest of the royalist army descended frontally from the hill Condorcunca, abandoning his defensive positions and charging against the main body of the enemy, which he expected to find disorganized, there was stay in reserve the battalions Gerona and Ferdinand VII disposed in second line to be sent wherever they were required.

Sucre immediately realized the risky maneuver, which became clear as the royalists found themselves in a slope, without chances of covering their movements. Córdova Division, supported by Miller’s Cavalry, stroked directly the disorganized bulk of royalist troops that were incapable of forming for battle and descended in lines from the mountains; it was right before starting this attack that general José María Córdova pronounced his famous phrase "Division, armas a discreción, de frente, paso de vencedores" (Division, discredit arms, on the pace of the victorious, Forward!) Colonel Joaquín Rubín de Celis, who commanded the first royalist regiment had to protect the artillery emplacement, which was still loaded in its mules, moved forward carelessly into the plain where his unit was smashed and he himself was killed during the attack of the Córdova’s division, whose effective fire on the lines formations pushed the scattered shooters of Villalobos’.

Seeing the misfortune suffered by his left, general Monet, without waiting for his cavalry to form in the plain, crossed the ravine and he led his division against Cordova’s, managing to form in battle two of his battalions but, suddenly attacked by the independents division, he was surrounded before the rest of his troops could also form in battle; during these events Monet was hurt and three of his chiefs killed; the scattered armies of his side dragged in retreat the masses of militia. The royalist cavalry under Ferraz charged upon the enemy squadrons that pursued Monet’s left but that. supported by the heavy fire of his infantry, caused a huge deal of casualties over Ferraz’s horsemen, whose survivors were forced to rashly leave the battlefield.

On the other end of the line, the Second Division of José de La Mar plus the Third Division of Jacinto Lara stopped together the assault made by the veterans of Valdés’ vanguard who had launched themselves to take a lonely house occupied by some independentist companies, which, although swapped at first, were soon reinforced and went back to the attack , eventually helped by the victorious Córdova’s division. Viceroy La Serna and the other officers tried to reestablish the battle and reorganize the scattered men who ran and general Canterac himself led the reserve division over the plain; however, Gerona battalions were not the same that won in the battles of Torata and Moquegua, because during Olañeta’s rebellion they had lost almost all their veterans and even their former commander Cayetano Ameller; this troop, composed by recruits forced to fight scattered before facing the enemy, and Ferdinand VII battalion followed, after a feeble resistance. At one o’clock the viceroy had been hurt and made prisoner along with a great number of his officers and even though Valdés’ division was still fighting to the right of his front, the battle was a victory for independentists. Casualties told by Sucre were 370 killed and 609 wounded, the royalists had about 1800 dead and 700 wounded.

With the remnants of his division, Valdés managed to retreat to the heights of his rearguard where he joined 200 riders that had gathered around general Canterac and some dispersed soldiers from royalist divisions whose fleeing demoralized men even shot and kill their own officers who intended to regroup them. With the main body of the royal army destroyed and the viceroy himself in the hands of his enemies, royalists leaders surrendered.

[edit]Capitulation of Ayacucho

Award patch given to officers who took part of the Peruvian Campaign in 1823-24.
Surrender at Ayacucho (Daniel Hernández).
"Don José Canterac, Lieutenant general of the Royal Armies of HM the King, responsible commander of the Superior command of Peru due to the imprisonment and injurement in today’s battle of the great lord Viceroy don José de La Serna, having heard that senior generals and chiefs that gathered after the Spanish army, filling in every sense all that has been demanded their reputation in the bloody day of Ayacucho and in the whole war in Peru, have had to give up the battlefield to the independent troops; and having to conciliate at the same time these forces remnants’ honour, and the decrease of this country’s misforunes, I believed it convenient to propose and adjust with senior division general of the Republic of Colombia, Antonio José de Sucre, chief commander of the Peruvian United Army of Liberation".

That’s the treaty signed by the royalist major Canterac, and general Sucre at the end of the Ayacucho battle, on December 9, 1824. Its main consequences were:

  • The royalist army under command of viceroy La Serna refused to keep on the fight.
  • The staying of the last royalist soldiers in the Callao fortresses.
  • The Peru Republic should have paid the economic and politic debt to the countries that gave military contributions to its independence.

Bolívar summoned from Lima the Panama Congress, on December 7, for the unión of the new independent countries. The project was only ratified by Great Colombia. Four years later, due to personal ambitions of many of its generals and the absence of a united visión that foresaw South America as a single nation, Great Colombia would end up splitting in the countries that exist today in the South American continent, frustrating the dream of union hoped by The Liberator of America.

[edit]Conspiratorial theories about the Battle of Ayacucho

The capitulation has been called by Spanish historian Juan Carlos Losada as "Ayacucho betrayal" and in his piece of work Batallas Decisivas de la Historia de España (Decisive Battles in the History of Spain) (Ed. Aguilar, 2004), he states that the result of the battle was already pactated. The historian points out Juan Antonio Monet as responsible of the agreement: “the main characters kept a deep silence pact and, therefore, we can only speculate, although with little risk of being wrong” (Page 254). A capitulation without battle would have been undoubtedly judged as treason. Spanish leader, of liberal ideas, and accused of belonging to masonry just like other independentist leaders, didn’t share king Ferdinand VII’s ideas all the time, a monarch considered tyrannical, besides absolutism supporter. On the contrary, Spanish commander Andrés García Camba tells in his memories how Spanish officials, latter known as "ayacuchos", were unjustly accused upon their arrival to Spain: "misters, with that thing we had a Masonic defeat" they were told in an accusatory manner, -"That thing was lost, my general, in the way battles are lost", the battle veterans.

[edit]Upper Peru after the Battle of Ayacucho and the birth of Bolivia

Palacio de Congresos, Bolivia.

After the victory at Ayacucho, following precise orders from Bolívar, general Sucre entered Upper Peru (today's Bolivia) territory on February 25, 1825. Besides having orders of installing an immediately independent administration, his role was limited to giving an appearance of legality to the process that Upper Peruvians themselves had started already. Royalist general Pedro Antonio Olañeta stayed in Potosí, where he received by January the "Union" Inf. Battalion coming from Puno under the command of colonel José María Valdez. Olañeta then summoned a War Council, which agreed to continue the resistance in the name of Ferdinand VII. Next, Olañeta distributed his troops between Cotagaita fortress with the "Chichas" Btn. in charge of colonel Medinacelli, while Valdez was sent to Chuquisaca with the "Union" Btn. and Olañeta himself marched toward Vitichi, with 60,000 pieces of gold from the Coin House in Potosí.

However, in Cochabamba the First Battalion "Ferdinand VII," led by colonel José Martínez, rioted, followed by the Second Battalion "Ferdinand VII" in Vallegrande, removing brigadier Francisco Aguilera on February 12. Royalist colonel José Manuel Mercado occupied Santa Cruz de la Sierra on February 14, as Chayanta stayed in the hands of lieutenant colonel Pedro Arraya, with squadrons "Santa Victoria" (Holy Victory) and "Dragones Americanos" (American Dragoons), and in Chuquisaca the battalion "Dragones de la Frontera"(Frontier Dragoons) under colonel Francisco López claimed victory for the independentists on February 22. At this point, the majority of royalist troops of Upper Peru refused to continue fighting against the powerful army of Sucre. Colonel Medinacelli with 300 soldiers also revolted against Olañeta, and on April 2 of 1825 they faced each other in the Battle of Tumusla, which ended with the death of Olañeta. A few days later, on April 7, general José María Valdez surrendered in Chequelte to general Urdininea, putting an end to the war in Upper Peru.

[edit]The foundation of Bolivia

Through a decree it was determined that the new state in Upper Peru would carry the name of República Bolívar, in honor of the liberator, who was designated as "Father of the Republic and Supreme Chief of State". Bolívar thanked them for these honors, but declined the presidency of the Republic, a duty he gave instead to Ayacucho’s Marshall Antonio José de Sucre. After some time, the subject of the name of the Young nation arose again, and a Potosian deputy named Manuel Martín Cruz offered a solution, suggesting that in the same manner which from Romulus comes Rome, from Bolívar ought to come Bolivia.

"If from Romulo, Rome; from Bolívar, Bolivia".

By the time Bolívar got the news, he felt flattered by the young nation, but until then he hadn’t accepted willingly Upper Peru’s because he was worried about its future, due to Bolivia’s location in the very center of South America; this, according to Bolivar, would create a nation that would face many future wars, which curiously did happen. Bolivar wished that Bolivia would become part of another nation, preferably Peru (given the fact that it had been part of Viceroyalty del Perú for centuries), or Argentina (since during the last decades of colonial domain it had been part of Viceroyalty del Río de la Plata), but what deeply convinced him otherwise was the attitude of the people. On August 18, upon his arrival to La Paz, there was a manifestation of popular rejoicing. The same scene repeated when the Liberator arrived to Oruro, then to Potosí and finally to Chuquisaca. Such a fervent demonstration by the people touched Bolívar, who called the new nation his "Predilect Daughter", and by the peoples of the new republic as their "Favorite Son".

[edit]Bolivian Declaration of Independence

Bolivian Independence Act at Casa de la Libertad, Sucre.

After being summoned once again the Deliberant Assembly in Chuquisaca by Marshall Sucre, on July 8 of 1825, and then concluded, it was determined the complete independence of Upper Peru under the republican form. Finally, the Assembly president José Mariano Serrano, together with a commission, wrote down the "Independence Act of the Upper Peruvian Departments" which carries the date of August 6, 1825, in honor of the Battle of Junín won by Bolivar. Independence was declared by 7 representatives from Charcas, 14 from Potosí, 12 from La Paz, 13 from Cochabamba and 2 from Santa Cruz. The act of Independence, wrote by the president of the Congress, Serrano, states in its expositive part:

"The world knows that the land of Upper Peru has been, in the American continent, the altar where the free people shed the first blood, and the land where the last of the tyrants’ tombs finally lays. Today, the Upper Peruvian departments protest in the face of the whole Earth its irrevocable resolution to be governed by themselves."

[edit]Bolívar's acknowledgement of Sucre

National Heroes Memorial at Paseo Los Próceres, (Caracas, Venezuela.

In 1825, Bolívar had published Su resumen sucinto de la vida del general Sucre, the only work of its kind by Bolívar. In it, he spared no praise to the crowning achievement of his faithful lieutenant:

"The Battle of Ayacucho is the Summit of American glory, and General Sucre's work. Its disposition has been perfect, and its fulfillment divine. Upcoming generations expect victory of Ayacucho so they can bless it and stare at it sitting in the throne of freedom, dictating Americans the wielding of their rights, and the sacred empire of nature."
"You are called upon the greatest destinies, and I foresee that you are the rival of my Glory" (Bolivar, Letter to Sucre, Nazca, April 26, 1825).
"Then the Congress of Colombia made Sucre Chief General of the Colombian Army and its Commanding General, and the Congress of Peru gave him the Degree and Military Rank of Great Marshal of Ayacucho due to his actions."

[edit]Notes

  1. ^ Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata: un escuadrón del Regimiento de Granaderos a Caballo de Buenos Aires (mencionado también como Granaderos montados de los Andes), fue mandado reorganizar por Bolívar con los jinetes que amotinados en Lurín apresando a sus jefes, no se unieron a los sublevados del Callao. (Memorias del general O'Leary, pág. 139. S.B. O'Leary, 1883.) (Spanish)
  2. ^ República de Chile: no hubo unidades chilenas en Ayacucho, pero sí jefes y soldados, la mayoría de los 300 reclutas que llegaron de Chile al puerto de Santa en diciembre de 1823 al mando del coronel Pedro Santiago Aldunate para completar las formaciones chilenas y fueron incorporados a la caballería colombiana y al Batallón Vargas por intercambio por reclutas peruanos, se dispersaron en la batalla de Corpahuaico, reuniéndose con el Ejército de Sucre luego de la batalla de Ayacucho. Los que sí estuvieron en la batalla, lo hicieron formando parte de los batallones colombianos y peruanos. (Los Peruanos y su Independencia, pág. 95. José Augusto De Izcue. BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008. ISBN 0-559-43532-0, 9780559435324) (Spanish)
  3. ^ "At Ayacucho, the remains of the regiment were part of the Patriot order of battle but remained in the reserve and did not take part on the fighting. Instead, the Rifles and another battalion, the 'Vargas', were given a nerve-wracking mission: guarding the arsenal and the numerous Spanish prisoners. At any given moment there were only 50 Riflemen posted to keep an eye on 2,500 weapons and 2,000 prisoners-of-war. A number of the regiment's officers were temporarily transferred to other units and fought in the battle." Arthur Sandes
  4. ^ Los incas borbónicos: la elite indígena cuzqueña en vísperas de Tupac Amaru[1][2]
  5. ^ Complete name in spanish: "Ejército Unido peruano colombiano Libertador del Perú" [3] [4] [5]
  6. ^ 5780 men on the battle. Historia extensa de Colombia.Luis Martínez Delgado, Academia Colombiana de Historia.[6]. The Sucre's army start the campaign of Ayacucho with 13.000 independentist soldiers claim Viceroy la Serna:Ocho años de la Serna en el Perú (De la "Venganza" a la "Ernestine".Alberto Wagner de Reyna.[7]
  7. ^ 8.500 men at start campaign over the Apurimac river
  8. ^ Freedom territories mainly antique northern provinces of Perú, see mapFile:LocationNorthPeru.png
  9. ^ in spanish:Ejército Real del Perú
  10. ^ 9310 men at start campaign over Apurimac river.El Perú Republicano y los fundamentos de su emancipación.Jorge Basadre.[8]
  11. ^ Occupied territories mainly antique southern provinces of Perú, see mapFile:LocationSouthPeru.png
  12. ^ El congreso constituyente del Perú, decreto declarando reo de alta traición a José de la Riva Aguero, 8 de agosto de 1823
  13. ^ Manifiesto del Presidente del Perú, Gran Mariscal José Bernardo Tagle, 6 de mayo de 1824
  14. ^ García Camba, Andrés. Memorias para la historia de las armas españolas en el Perú 1809-1825. (Volume II. Madrid, Benito Hortelano, 1846), 98.
  15. ^ Biblioteca Ayacucho. Rufino Blanco-Fombona
  16. ^ [9]
  17. ^ La guerra de la independencia en el alto Perú. Pág. 161. Escrito por Emilio A. Bidondo. Publicado por Círculo Militar, 1979
  18. ^ [10]
  19. ^ Memorias del general O'Leary. Pág. 235. Escrito por Daniel Florencio O'Leary. Publicado en 1883.
  20. ^ resaltado como un subtítulo en el Libro Junin y Ayacucho. General O'Leary
  21. ^ [11]
  22. ^ Ocho años de la Serna en el Perú (De la "Venganza" a la "Ernestine")
  23. ^ Jaime E. Rodríguez O. The Independence of Spanish America (1998), 231. ISBN0521626730
  24. ^ Bolívar
  25. ^ a b [Parte de la batalla de Ayacucho, Antonio José de Sucre]
  26. ^ Memoirs of General Miller: in the service of the republic of Peru. Escrito por John Miller. Publicado por Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1829. Pág. 194 - 195
  27. ^ Los Peruanos y su Independencia. pp. 88. Autor: Jose Augusto de Izcue. Editor: BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008. ISBN 0-559-43533-9, 9780559435331
  28. ^ Mariano Torrente "Historia de la revolución hispano-americana", Volumen 3, pág. 490

[edit]See also

[edit]References

  • El Perú Republicano y los fundamentos de su emancipación.Jorge Basadre.
  • Historia extensa de Colombia.Luis Martínez Delgado, Academia Colombiana de Historia.
  • Source:wikipedia